Ohio vs South Dakota LLC: fees, taxes, and which to pick
Data last updated: Apr 21, 2026Ohio charges $99 to form an LLC; South Dakota charges $150. Day-one sticker price is only part of the story, since most of the real cost comes from the annual obligations that stack up each year you keep the LLC open.
Over a rolling three-year window, Ohio runs about $216 less in total state fees than South Dakota. Whether that gap matters depends on whether you actually operate in one of these states or are weighing a non-resident filing.
On speed, South Dakota typically clears standard online filings faster than Ohio. Both states offer expedited tiers at an additional cost for filers on tight timelines.
For most small operators the choice is not really between these two states at all. It is between forming where the business actually operates and trying to route through a non-resident filing. The data below shows what each option actually costs.
Key differences at a glance
- Ohio costs $51 less to form ($99 vs $150).
- Ohio is $55 per year cheaper to maintain ($100 vs $155).
- South Dakota has no state individual income tax; pass-through LLC income flows to members without a state layer. The other state does tax at the member level.
- Ohio has no annual report filing at all. South Dakota requires an annual (or biennial) report every reporting period.
Where each state fits
For most filers, forming in the state you actually operate from is the right call. The side-by-side below shows where the two states meaningfully diverge.
What each state offers that the other does not
Only Ohio
- No annual report
Only South Dakota
- No state income tax
Both states
- Online filing
- Paid expedited tier
- No entity-level franchise or LLC tax
- No publication requirement
- Operating agreement not statutorily required
Three-year cost, side by side
Rough estimate of the state-facing cost to form and keep an LLC through three years. Both totals include a $100 per year registered-agent estimate.
Running total includes the one-time filing fee and annual ongoing costs (report fee or franchise tax plus a $100/year registered agent estimate).
What it costs under your specific situation
The table below runs the same LLC through four common scenarios. "Non-resident" rows assume a typical home-state foreign LLC registration adds about $200 per year of stacked cost; the real number depends on which state you live in and ranges from $50 to over $800 depending on jurisdiction.
| Scenario | Year 1 | Each year after | 3-year total |
|---|---|---|---|
| You live in Ohio, business operates there No foreign LLC registration needed. You pay Ohio fees only. | $199 | $100 | $399 |
| You live in South Dakota, business operates there No foreign LLC registration needed. You pay South Dakota fees only. | $305 | $155 | $615 |
| Non-resident forming in Ohio with operations elsewhere You pay Ohio's fees plus a typical home-state foreign LLC registration of about $200 per year. | $399 | $300 | $999 |
| Non-resident forming in South Dakota with operations elsewhere You pay South Dakota's fees plus a typical home-state foreign LLC registration of about $200 per year. | $505 | $355 | $1,215 |
Ohio vs South Dakota: full comparison
| Dimension | Ohio | South Dakota |
|---|---|---|
| Online filing Can you file the formation document online? | Yes | Yes |
| Online approval time Standard, non-expedited | 5 business days | 1 business day |
| Expedited option Paid fast-track filing | $100 | $50 |
| Annual report Required in addition to tax | None | Required, $55 |
| State-imposed annual tax Franchise, privilege, or LLC tax minimum | None | None |
| State income tax On pass-through LLC income at member level | Yes | No |
| Publication requirement Newspaper publication after formation | No | No |
| Operating agreement Required by state statute | Recommended, not required | Recommended, not required |
| Foreign LLC fee Cost to register as a foreign LLC in this state | $99 | $750 |
| State sales tax General statewide rate | 5.8% | 4.2% |
Taxes in Ohio and South Dakota
How each state handles entity-level tax on LLCs. Pass-through classification means member-level income tax also applies at each member's residence state.
Ohio tax
No entity-level franchise tax on LLCs. State income tax applies to member-level pass-through income.
South Dakota tax
No entity-level franchise tax on LLCs. No state income tax.
Ongoing compliance
The recurring filings each state requires after formation.
Ohio
No annual state filing. Registered agent required in Ohio.
South Dakota
Annual report $55, due on your anniversary month. Registered agent required in South Dakota.
Formation process, side by side
What actually happens from the moment you start filing to the moment you're in good standing. Use this as a checklist.
Ohio
- Check business-name availability on the Ohio entity search.
- Appoint a registered agent with a physical Ohio street address.
- File Articles of Organization for a Domestic Limited Liability Company (Form 610) for $99.
- Wait for approval. Online typically 5 business days. Paid expedite from $100.
- Adopt an operating agreement (recommended, not required by Ohio statute).
- Apply for a federal EIN (free from the IRS).
- Open a business bank account to separate personal and business finances.
- No annual state filing required in Ohio.
South Dakota
- Check business-name availability on the South Dakota entity search.
- Appoint a registered agent with a physical South Dakota street address.
- File Articles of Organization (Domestic Limited Liability Company) for $150.
- Wait for approval. Online typically 1 business days. Paid expedite from $50.
- Adopt an operating agreement (recommended, not required by South Dakota statute).
- Apply for a federal EIN (free from the IRS).
- Open a business bank account to separate personal and business finances.
- File your first annual report and pay $55 when it comes due.
Before you pick either state
A few things that apply no matter which state you choose. These trip up enough first-time filers that they're worth stating explicitly.
Registered agent is non-negotiable. Both Ohio and South Dakota (and every other US state) require every LLC to designate a registered agent with a physical street address in the state of formation. You can serve as your own agent if you live in the state; otherwise a commercial agent runs $50 to $125 per year. Using your own home address makes it part of the public record.
Forming elsewhere does not escape your home state's tax. If you live and operate a business from your home state, forming the LLC in Ohio or South Dakota does not avoid your home state's income tax. The moment you transact business at home, your home state requires a foreign LLC registration, and state tax liability follows your residence regardless of where the entity sits on paper.
EIN applications are free. The IRS issues Employer Identification Numbers directly at no cost. Any service charging you to "get your EIN" is reselling a free form submission. Single-member LLCs with no employees technically don't need one for federal tax, but nearly every bank requires an EIN to open a business account.
Operating agreement matters more than the state you pick. A well-drafted operating agreement governs member ownership, management, profit splits, buy-sell terms, and dissolution. Without one, your LLC runs on the state's default rules, which are rarely what you want. California, Maine, Missouri, and New York require a written one by statute; every other state treats it as strongly recommended.
Agency contacts
Ohio Secretary of State, Business Services Division
- Website
- www.ohiosos.gov/businesses
- Phone
- (614) 466-3910
- P.O. Box 670, Columbus, OH 43216
- Office
- 22 North Fourth Street, Columbus, OH 43215
- Hours
- 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Eastern, Monday to Friday
South Dakota Secretary of State - Business Services
- Website
- sdsos.gov
- Phone
- (605) 773-4845
- corpinfo@state.sd.us
- Capitol Building, 500 East Capitol Avenue, Suite 204, Pierre, SD 57501-5070
- Office
- 215 E. Prospect Avenue, Pierre, SD 57501
- Hours
- 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Central, Monday to Friday
Ohio Department of Taxation
- Website
- tax.ohio.gov
- Phone
- (888) 405-4039
- Ohio Department of Taxation, P.O. Box 2678, Columbus, OH 43216-2678
- Office
- 4485 Northland Ridge Boulevard, Columbus, OH 43229
- Hours
- 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Eastern, Monday to Friday
South Dakota Department of Revenue
- Website
- dor.sd.gov
- Phone
- (605) 773-3311
- 445 E Capitol Avenue, Pierre, SD 57501
- Hours
- 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Central, Monday to Friday
Frequently Asked Questions
-
Is it cheaper to form an LLC in Ohio or South Dakota?
Ohio is cheaper at formation ($99) than South Dakota ($150). Ongoing costs are also different: $100 vs $155 per year. Total over three years: $399 vs $615.
-
Can I form an LLC in Ohio if I live in South Dakota?
Yes, but your South Dakota business will almost certainly need to register as a foreign LLC in South Dakota too, which means paying South Dakota's foreign registration fee and any ongoing South Dakota obligations on top of the Ohio ones. The "form elsewhere to save" math usually doesn't work for operating businesses; it only works when you have no physical operations tied to any specific state.
-
How long does it take to form an LLC in Ohio vs South Dakota?
Ohio online: 5 business days; South Dakota online: 1 business day. Ohio offers paid expedite from $100. South Dakota offers paid expedite from $50.
-
Which state has lower taxes for an LLC, Ohio or South Dakota?
Ohio: state income tax applies to member-level pass-through income, no entity-level franchise or LLC tax. South Dakota: no state income tax, no entity-level franchise or LLC tax.
-
Do both states require a registered agent?
Yes. Every US state (and DC) requires every LLC to maintain a registered agent with a physical street address in the state. Ohio and South Dakota both have this requirement. You can serve as your own agent if you live in the state; most out-of-state filers use a commercial agent for $50 to $125 per year.
-
Which state should I pick if I run an online business from home?
Form in the state you actually live in. Your home state's Department of Revenue treats your residence as nexus regardless of where the LLC is filed, which means you owe state income tax there anyway. Forming in Ohio or South Dakota to escape your home state's tax doesn't work; it adds paperwork. The non-resident filings make sense when you genuinely operate nowhere in particular: international founders, purely passive holding entities, or real-estate LLCs owning property in other states.
Full state guides
More Ohio and South Dakota comparisons
More Ohio vs ...
Sources
- Filing fee: www.ohiosos.gov/globalassets/business/forms/610.pdf · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio Secretary of State Form 610 Articles of Organization for a Domestic LLC. Filing fee $99 stated on the form. Authority: Ohio Rev. Code §111.16 (Secretary of State fee schedule) and §1706.16 (LLC formation). - Expedited filing: www.ohiosos.gov/businesses/filing-forms--fee-schedule/ · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio SoS expedite tiers: Level 1 $100 (2 business days); Level 2 $200 (1 business day); Level 3 $300 (4 hours, drop-off only). Ohio Rev. Code §111.16(M). Level 1 recorded as the default expedited tier. - Annual report fee: www.ohiosos.gov/businesses/information-on-starting-and-maintaining-a-b… · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio does not require LLCs to file an annual or biennial report. Ohio Rev. Code Chapter 1706 (Ohio Revised Limited Liability Company Act) imposes no recurring SoS report. Fee recorded as null accordingly. - Franchise tax: tax.ohio.gov/business/ohio-business-taxes/commercial-activities · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio has no LLC franchise tax. The Commercial Activity Tax (CAT) applies to taxable gross receipts above an exclusion of $3 million for tax year 2024 and $6 million for tax year 2025 and beyond (HB 33, 2023). Rate 0.26% of taxable gross receipts above the exclusion. CAT is classified as a gross-receipts tax, not a franchise tax, so franchiseTax.applies is false. - Operating agreement requirement: codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-1706 · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio Rev. Code §1706.08 recognizes operating agreements but does not require one to be in writing or filed. Ohio Revised LLC Act (Chapter 1706) governs default rules when no operating agreement is adopted. - Foreign LLC registration fee: www.ohiosos.gov/globalassets/business/forms/617.pdf · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio Secretary of State Form 617 Registration of a Foreign Limited Liability Company. Filing fee $99. Authority: Ohio Rev. Code §1706.511. - Publication requirement: codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-1706 · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio does not require newspaper publication for LLC formation. Confirmed via Ohio Rev. Code Chapter 1706 which contains no publication requirement. - Business name search: businesssearch.ohiosos.gov/ · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio Secretary of State Business Search tool. Used to confirm name availability before filing Articles of Organization. - Sales tax rate: tax.ohio.gov/business/ohio-business-taxes/sales-and-use · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio statewide sales and use tax rate is 5.75%. County permissive and transit authority additions can bring combined local rates up to approximately 8.00%. - Corporate income tax rate: tax.ohio.gov/business/ohio-business-taxes/commercial-activities · verified April 21, 2026
Ohio repealed its corporate franchise/income tax; there is no general corporate income tax. The Commercial Activity Tax is a gross-receipts tax, not an income tax, and is not expressed as a rate on net income. maxCorporateRate is therefore null. - Filing fee: sdsos.gov/general-information/filing-fees.aspx · verified April 21, 2026
SD SoS filing fee schedule: Domestic LLC Articles of Organization filed electronically online is $150; filed via paper is $165 (includes the $15 paper filing fee). Online is the default; filingFee captures the online amount. - Expedited filing: sdsos.gov/general-information/filing-fees.aspx · verified April 21, 2026
SD SoS offers expedited processing for any filing at an additional $50 flat fee, defined as completion sooner than the normal course of business on request. Typical expedited turnaround is 24 hours. - Foreign LLC registration fee: sdsos.gov/general-information/filing-fees.aspx · verified April 21, 2026
Foreign LLC Certificate of Authority online filing fee is $750; paper is $765 (includes $15 paper filing fee). This is materially higher than the $150 domestic fee; South Dakota is one of the most expensive states for foreign LLC registration. - Operating agreement requirement: sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/47-34A · verified April 21, 2026
SDCL 47-34A (Uniform Limited Liability Company Act) defines an operating agreement under 47-34A-103 as any valid agreement, written or oral, governing relations among members, managers, and the LLC. The statute does not require the operating agreement to be in writing. - Publication requirement: sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/47-34A · verified April 21, 2026
SDCL 47-34A contains no newspaper publication requirement for LLC formation. Only NY, AZ, and NE require publication. - Annual report fee: sdsos.gov/general-information/filing-fees.aspx · verified April 21, 2026
SD SoS filing fee schedule: LLC Annual Report filed electronically online is $55; filed via paper is $70 (includes the $15 paper filing surcharge). Due first day of the anniversary month each year. - Franchise tax: dor.sd.gov/businesses/taxes/ · verified April 21, 2026
SD Department of Revenue confirms South Dakota does not impose a general corporate income tax or franchise tax. A narrow bank franchise tax applies only to financial institutions under SDCL 10-43. - Corporate income tax rate: dor.sd.gov/businesses/taxes/ · verified April 21, 2026
South Dakota has no corporate income tax. Field set to null. - Sales tax rate: dor.sd.gov/businesses/taxes/sales-use-tax/ · verified April 21, 2026
SD Department of Revenue: the state sales and use tax rate is 4.2%. Municipalities may impose up to 2% additional general sales tax. - Business name search: sosenterprise.sd.gov/BusinessServices/Business/FilingSearch.aspx · verified April 21, 2026
SD SoS Enterprise business information search. Use before filing Articles of Organization to confirm name availability. - Online filing portal: sosenterprise.sd.gov/BusinessServices/Business/RegistrationInstr.aspx · verified April 21, 2026
SD SoS Enterprise online business registration portal. Online LLC filings are typically approved immediately or within one business day; paper filings take about 3-5 business days plus mail transit. - Certificate of Formation form: sdsos.gov/docs/business/llc-domestic-articlesoforganization.pdf · verified April 21, 2026
Official Domestic LLC Articles of Organization fillable PDF published by the SD SoS, used for paper filings.